In at least 150 words, identify and explain four ways you can use context clues to determine the meanings

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Strategy 1: Use of Context

One strategy is that of using sentence or passage-level context to infer the meaning of a word or phrase. Although some researchers feel that use of context, which is an “around-the-word” strategy, is not always reliable (that is, the context may not be rich enough to help students actually understand the meaning of a word or may lead them to a wrong conclusion), others have found that most new words are learned from context. Also, increasingly, standardized assessments require students to read a passage with an underlined word, answer a multiple choice question with four possible definitions of the word, and then answer a second related multiple choice question where the object is to provide evidence from the passage that supports the chosen definition.

Strategy 2: Use of Word Parts

Imagine a fifth grade class where a teacher can hold up a card with a word like abolitionist written on it, and within a minute small groups of students have figured out the meaning of the word—without the teacher uttering one sound.

This is not an imaginary classroom. Leslie Montgomery, who teaches in a high poverty public elementary school, regularly witnesses this phenomenon. Her students have learned the power of using the meanings of prefixes, roots, and suffixes (especially common Greek and Latin roots) to figure out the meanings of words.

As they talk through their reasoning, it is clear her students are developing “morphological awareness,” or understanding about the structure and origin of words. This skill can often seem like magic to kids, but is really sophisticated vocabulary knowledge that they need in order to learn at higher levels.

Strategy 3: Use of Reference Materials

The third word-learning strategy I want to suggest is that of using reference materials, which is a “beyond-the-word” technique.

Of course we need to teach students to use dictionaries, glossaries, and thesauruses to verify an inference and check the meaning of a word. But we can also teach students how to expand vocabulary into semantic networks by finding synonyms and antonyms in these reference materials as part of their word exploration.

For example, Susan invited her eighth graders to use a variety of digital sources to explore selected words. Students were astounded to find numerous definitions, synonyms, and antonyms for these words in different sources, leading to a natural discussion of multiple meanings and the context in which the word was introduced.

Because middle school students often just choose the shortest definition for a word, this type of investigation emphasized the importance of using multiple sources and considering the most accurate meaning in the context of the text.

A number of different types of context clues can be present in reading passages because every author writes in a different way. Some authors offer very little explanation for difficult words, throwing tough vocabulary in everywhere with little or no help, while other authors carefully craft their passages to ensure the reader can understand everything he or she is trying to explain. Everything from the restatement of a word to an outright explanation of the word in action can be present to aid in a reader's comprehension.

Context Clue No. 1: Definition or Restatement

The meaning of the vocabulary word is in the sentence itself, usually following the vocabulary word.

Jack's duplicity—crafty dishonesty—enabled him to steal his coworker's pensions by funneling their money into an offshore account.

Notice how the dashes set off the definition. Commas or parentheses setting off a descriptive phrase directly after the vocabulary word (an appositive) can also point you to it, such as in clue no. 2.

Context Clue No. 2: Synonym

The sentence uses a similar word to help explain the meaning of the vocabulary word.

The baseball coach punished the team's duplicity, or deceitfulness after they admitted to using steroids to boost their batting averages.

Context Clue No. 3: Antonym/Opposite/Contrast

The sentence uses a word with an opposite definition to give the meaning of the vocabulary word.

It was your duplicity that caused me to break up with you! Had you been honest, I wouldn't have felt the need.

Unlike my last employee, who had integrity to spare, you have nothing more than duplicity and will not receive a recommendation from me for another job.

Context Clue No. 4: Example or Explanation

This type of context clue uses examples to help the reader infer the meaning of the vocabulary word.

His duplicity involved lowering his employee's salaries, increasing their stock options, and then stealing the money he saved by doing so.

I was aghast at her duplicity when she stole my diamond earrings, sold them on eBay, and lied to me about it the whole time.

You can use context clues to you try to figure out what the unfamiliar word means

You can use them to figure out the meaning of words